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16 May 2025 - Year XXIX
Independent journal on economy and transport policy
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84% of the new constructions ordered by the Italian shipyard will be built in China
Analysis by the Confitarma Study Center on the possible impacts of US tariffs on the national shipping industry
Roma
April 3, 2025
The tariff measures proposed by the government administration led by Donald Trump to counter alleged unreasonable or discriminatory policies or practices by the China that would burden or limit US trade could theoretically generate port duties (extra fees) aggregates up to $40-52 billion. This is highlighted by the study "Centro Studi Confitarma - Possible impacts of US tariffs on the Italian shipping industry" that we publish by and which was drawn up by the Study Centre of the Italian Confederation of Shipowners (Confitarma).

The report analyzes the measures envisaged by the United States Trade Representatives (USTR), which include duties of up to 1.5 million dollars for each call in the United States of ships built in China or operated by operators with orders on Chinese construction sites, and proposes impact simulations that estimate these relevant potential port surcharges for shipping, with repercussions on the competitiveness of the maritime industry and European manufacturing.

The study recalls that the US is a strategic partner commercial sector of Italy - the first recipient of exports from our country outside the EU - with over 63 billion euro, of which more than 60% travels by sea, is second after China for national imports with almost 26 billion euros of the 45% of whom travel by sea. In tons of goods transported, Almost 100% of imports and 98.2% of exports to and from the USA travels by sea.

In addition, the analysis shows that more than 17% of the fleet is built in China, a share that rises to 84% considering only the new buildings currently ordered by the Italian shipping industry and to be delivered by 2028. The types of ships potentially more exposed are cargo ships followed by ferries, chemical tankers and oil tankers. Through Analysis of three case studies The report gives an assessment of the possible repercussions for consumers, primarily Americans but also European because of the negative effect on the demand for imports from the United States.




CONFEDERAZIONE ITALIANA ARMATORI

Centro Studi Confitarma

POSSIBILI IMPATTI DEI DAZI AMERICANI SULL'INDUSTRIA DELLO SHIPPING ITALIANO

2 aprile 2025

Premessa

Con riferimento alle recenti conclusioni dell'indagine effettuata dall'Office of the United States of Trade Representative (USTR) per presunte politiche o pratiche irragionevoli o discriminatore da parte della Cina, che gravano o limitano il commercio statunitense, di seguito un'analisi dei possibili riflessi per l'industria armatoriale italiana.

In particolare, si fa riferimento alle seguenti contromisure proposte dall'USTR:
  • fino a 1 milione di dollari per ogni ingresso in un porto degli Stati Uniti di una nave gestita da un operatore cinese, indipendentemente dal Paese di costruzione della nave;
  • fino a 1,5 milioni di dollari per ogni ingresso in un porto degli Stati Uniti di una nave costruita in Cina;
  • fino a 1 milione di dollari per ogni ingresso in un porto degli Stati Uniti di una nave gestita da un operatore che ha in ordine navi in cantieri cinesi (in base alla percentuale in ordine in cantieri cinesi nei successivi 24 mesi).
Le proposte dell'USTR prevedono, inoltre, che una quota crescente delle esportazioni statunitensi venga trasportata su navi battenti bandiera statunitense e costruite negli Stati Uniti (15% entro il 2030).

Con riferimento alle predette contromisure verranno analizzati i dati relativi alla flotta mercantile:
  • di bandiera italiana;
  • controllata dall'industria armatoriale nazionale;
inoltre:
  • nuove costruzioni ordinate dall'industria armatoriale nazionale.
Infine, verranno illustrati tre case study relativi agli effetti della tassazione per due delle tipologie di naviglio potenzialmente maggiormente coinvolte.


Rapporti commerciali Italia-USA

Prima di scendere nel dettaglio dell'analisi sul naviglio è opportuna una breve ricognizione dei rapporti commerciali tra Italia e USA con riferimento alle modalità di trasporto.

Gli USA sono partner strategico commerciale dell'Italia. Al di fuori dell'Ue, sono il primo destinatario delle esportazioni dal nostro paese con oltre 63 miliardi di euro di cui oltre il 60% viaggia via mare e secondo dopo la Cina per le importazioni nazionali con quasi 26 miliardi di euro dei quali il 45% viaggia via mare.

Tabella 1 - Interscambio commerciale Italia USA per modalità di trasporto


IMPORTAZIONI ESPORTAZIONI

mil.€ % € .000 ton % t mil.€ % € .000 ton % t
Sea 11.641 45,0% 14.219 99,8% 39.612 62,1% 6.880 98,2%
Air 14.248 55,0% 32 0,2% 24.144 37,9% 126 1,8%

25.889
14.251
63.756
7.006
Fonte: elaborazioni Confitarma su dati Eurostat

Come facilmente prevedibile, il mare gioca un ruolo di primo piano in termini di quantità di merci scambiate tra i due Paesi. In particolare, in tonnellate di merci, quasi il 100% delle importazioni e il 98,2% delle esportazioni viaggia via mare.


Flotta di bandiera italiana

Per la presente analisi sono state considerate le navi di bandiera nazionale di oltre 1.000 GT. Dall'analisi delle fonti emerge che oltre il 17% della flotta è costruita in Cina. Il Paese del Sol Levante si posiziona al terzo posto dopo Corea del Sud e Italia.

Tabella 2 - Primi 10 paesi costruttori della flotta italiana


CANTIERE N. NAVI GT MEDIA ETA' % TOT
1 Corea del Sud 76 3.178.464 15 26,0%
2 Italia 135 2.903.480 28 23,8%
3 Cina 63 2.147.851 10 17,6%
4 Germania 23 1.129.736 29 9,2%
5 Croazia 19 761.674 20 6,2%
6 Giappone 10 581.437 26 4,8%
7 Finlandia 5 472.401 25 3,9%
8 Turchia 30 292.663 16 2,4%
9 Romania 12 256.017 16 2,1%
10 Spagna 7 78.302 22 0,6%


431 12.215.799 21
Fonte: elaborazioni Confitarma su dati Lloyd's Register - Sea-Web

Passando alle singole tipologie di naviglio, la tipologia più impattata dalle misure ipotizzate dall'USTR è quella del carico secco (portarinfuse e carico generale), seguita a grande distanza dai traghetti e dalle petroliere.

Tabella 3 - Ranking della Cina nelle classifiche per tipologia di naviglio dei principali Paesi costruttori della flotta di bandiera


RANKING DI CATEGORIA QUOTA
CARICO SECCO 1 99,3%
TRAGHETTI 3 23,3%
PETROLIERE 2 11,7%
CONTAINER 6 9,1%
CHIMICHIERE 4 6,7%
CROCIERE n.a. n.a.
GASIERE n.a. n.a.
Fonte: elaborazioni Confitarma su dati Lloyd's Register - Sea-Web

Va evidenziato che nella categoria dei traghetti al primo posto del ranking dei cantieri costruttori del naviglio di bandiera italiana figura l'Italia con una quota di oltre il 27% mentre, per le petroliere, il primo posto è occupato dalla Corea del Sud con una quota di oltre il 63%.


Flotta di controllata dall'industria armatoriale italiana

Passando alla flotta mercantile operata a diverso titolo dall'armamento nazionale (Group Owner, Register Owner, Operator, Shipmanager), sempre considerando le navi di oltre 1.000 GT, si evidenzia che oltre il 17% della flotta è costruita in Cina.

Tabella 4 - Primi 10 paesi costruttori della flotta operata dall'armamento italiano


CANTIERE GT N. NAVI MEDIA ETA' % TOT
1 Corea del Sud 11.274.621 161 13 43,0%
2 EU 7.086.158 329 27 27,0%
3 Cina 4.691.595 172 11 17,9%
4 Giappone 1.736.768 48 17 6,6%
5 Vietnam 472.783 16 9 1,8%
6 Turchia 452.305 48 16 1,7%
7 Brasile 78.399 4 21 0,3%
8 Russia 74.642 11 17 0,3%
9 Taiwan 66.532 2 7 0,3%
10 Singapore 63.642 3 14 0,2%


26.200.765 821 19
Fonte: elaborazioni Confitarma su dati Lloyd's Register - Sea-Web

Passando alle singole tipologie di naviglio, la tipologia più impattata dalle misure ipotizzate dall'USTR resta quella del carico secco (portarinfuse e carico generale), seguita dalle chimichiere e quindi dai traghetti e dalle petroliere.

Tabella 5 - Ranking della Cina nelle classifiche per tipologia di naviglio dei principali Paesi costruttori della flotta operata dall'armamento italiano


RANKING DI CATEGORIA QUOTA
CARICO SECCO 1 64,0%
CHIMICHIERE 1 47,0%
TRAGHETTI 2 28,0%
PETROLIERE 2 23,0%
CONTAINER 2 10,0%
GASIERE 4 4,0%
CROCIERE n.a. n.a.
Fonte: elaborazioni Confitarma su dati Lloyd's Register - Sea-Web

Va evidenziato che il 46% dei traghetti operati dall'armamento nazionale risulta costruito nei paesi dell'Ue.


Nuove costruzioni dall'industria armatoriale italiana

Passando al naviglio ordinato dall'armamento nazionale (Group Owner, Register Owner, Operator, Shipmanager) nei cantieri mondiali, sempre considerando le navi di oltre 1.000 GT, si evidenzia che oltre l'84% della flotta è in costruzione nei cantieri cinesi.

Tabella 6 - Primi 3 paesi costruttori delle navi ordinate dall'armamento italiano


CANTIERE GT N. NAVI % TOT
1 Cina 2.150.798 39 84,6%
2 Corea del Sud 346.165 1 13,6%
3 EU 46.180 4 1,8%
TOT
2.543.143 44
Fonte: elaborazioni Confitarma su dati Lloyd's Register - Sea-Web

Passando alle singole tipologie di naviglio, emerge che la totalità o quasi degli ordini relativi alle tipologie del carico secco (portarinfuse e carico generale), dei traghetti, delle container e delle chimichiere sono in costruzione in Cina.

Tabella 7 - Ranking della Cina nelle classifiche per tipologia di naviglio dei principali Paesi costruttori delle navi ordinate dall'armamento italiano


RANKING DI CATEGORIA QUOTA
CARICO SECCO 1 100,0%
TRAGHETTI 1 100,0%
CONTAINER 1 100,0%
CHIMICHIERE 1 90,0%
GASIERE 2 41,0%
PETROLIERE n.a. n.a.
CROCIERE n.a. n.a.
Fonte: elaborazioni Confitarma su dati Lloyd's Register - Sea-Web


Case study

Da un'analisi preliminare degli scali nei porti USA nel 2024 di navi commerciali e dell'attuale profilo della flotta nonché del portafoglio ordini delle società che gestiscono le stesse, ipotizzando che la distribuzione delle navi e la combinazione delle strutture tariffarie rimanga la stessa (sebbene la possibilità di ridistribuzione delle navi suggerisca che le commissioni effettive sarebbero inferiori a questa cifra), si stima che le misure proposte potrebbero teoricamente generare dazi portuali (extra fees) aggregati fino a $40-$52 miliardi.

Per contestualizzare: nel 2025 la “fattura” per conformarsi all'EU ETS (phase-in al 70%) è stimata nell'intorno di $4 miliardi, nel 2024 sono stati spesi circa $ 207 miliardi a livello globale per le navi di nuova costruzione, di cui $136 miliardi nei cantieri navali cinesi, $160 miliardi è la spesa totale per il bunker della flotta mondiale, il valore totale dell'intero commercio marittimo statunitense è pari a $2,2 trilioni.

Tabella 8 - extra costi sul costo del trasporto per tipologia di nave

TIPO NAVE ROTTA TARIFFA 2023/2024 STIMA EXTRA COSTO INCIDENZA MEDIA
Portacontainer standard da 10.000 TEU1 Asia-US East Coast con tre scali negli Stati Uniti 2023: media 1.250 $/TEU
2024: media 3.250/TEU
400-600 $/TEU 2023: 40% per TEU
2024: 15% per TEU
Portarinfuse Capesize2 Baltimora - Rotterdam 2024: media $15/tonnellata $ 8-12 a tonnellata 2024: 66%
Petroliera prodotti raffinati3 (38mila tonnellate) Houston - Amsterdam 2024: media $ 37/tonnellata $ 26-39 a tonnellata 86,00%
Fonte: elaborazioni Confitarma su dati Clarksons

  • Le tariffe per le singole navi potrebbero arrivare - worst case scenario - fino a 3,5 milioni di dollari per scalo (nave costruita in Cina, operata da una società cinese e con navi ordinate in Cina), sebbene l'analisi suggerisca che la maggior parte delle navi “interessate” potrebbe subire extra fees comprese tra 1/1,5 milioni di dollari:
  • per una portacontainer standard da 10mila TEU impiegata sulla Trans-pacific (Asia-USEC) con tre scali negli Stati Uniti per rotazione, le extra fee di 1/1,5 milioni di dollari per scalo equivalgono ad un maggior costo di trasporto effettivo aggiuntivo di 400-600 $/TEU (la tariffa di trasporto media 2023: circa 1.250 $/TEU, 2024: 3.250/TEU).
  • per una standard Capesize che trasporta carbone tra Baltimora e Rotterdam, i costi aggiuntivi di 1/1,5 milioni di dollari per port call equivalgono ad 8-12 $/t aggiuntivi di costo effettivo di trasporto (media 2024: 15 $/t, range annuale di 11-22 $/t). Per immediato confronto i costi nell'ambito dell'EU ETS sono minori di 1 $/t nel 2025 ed i costi stimati della sanzione FuelEU Maritime (-2% GHG) sono inferiori 0,5 $/t.
  • per una standard MR (min 38kt) che trasporta prodotti da Houston ad Amsterdam, costi aggiuntivi di 1/1,5 milioni di dollari equivalgono a un ulteriore 26-39 $/t di costo effettivo del trasporto (media 2024: 37 $/t, range annuale 26-59 $/t). Per immediato confronto nell'ambito dell'EU ETS sono ~2 $/t nel 2025 e i costi stimati della sanzione FuelEU Maritime (-2% GHG) sono inferiori a 1 $/t.

Tali maggiori costi ricadranno sui consumatori statunitensi attraverso la catena di fornitura determinando un aumento della pressione inflazionistica con effetti negativi sulla domanda di importazioni degli Stati Uniti. Allo stesso tempo anche la competitività delle esportazioni statunitensi (crude oil, prodotti raffinati ed LNG) potrebbe essere influenzata negativamente, con implicazioni potenzialmente significative per i consumatori europei.

1 TEU: unità di misura del container. Ogni TEU equivale a un container
2 Portarinfuse Capesize: in grado di trasportare fino a 170mila tonnellate di portata di carbone, metalli ecc..
3 Prodotti raffinati: gasolio, benzina, ecc.
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Danish company develops technologies for digitalization of maritime transport
Israeli forces attacked the port of Hodeyda
Jerusalem
IDF, measures taken to limit damage to ships
Vard signs new contract with Dong Fang Offshore for OSCV vessel
Trieste
It will be delivered in the first quarter of 2028
Collaboration protocol between the Federation of the Sea and WSense
Rome
Among the aims, to promote intelligent and sustainable management of marine resources
A conference on maritime engineering works and climate change in Rome on Wednesday
Rome
It will be held at the Auditorium Fondazione MAXXI
The 2024 general financial statement of the Eastern Adriatic Sea Port Authority has been approved
Trieste
It records a general administrative surplus of almost 283 million euros
Accelleron Industries Announces Further Investments in Italy
Baden
The aim is to strengthen technological leadership in fuel injection systems for the decarbonisation of the maritime sector.
UAE's AD Ports continues to invest in Egypt
Cairo/Abu Dhabi
Usufruct contract to develop and manage a logistics and industrial park near the port of Port Said
The 2024 final budget of the Central Adriatic Sea Port System Authority has been approved
Ancona
Green light from the Management Committee
RFI, tender awarded for maintenance and telecommunications enhancement works
Rome
Program worth approximately 180 million euros
Contract signed assigning CMA CGM the management of the container terminal at the port of Latakia
Damascus
Investments of 230 million euros expected in the first four years
Rizzo appointed extraordinary commissioner of the Strait Port System Authority
Messina
DHL Group revenues increased by +2.8% in the first three months of 2025
Bonn
Net profit of 830 million euros (+3.9%)
Purchase of area for new cruise terminal in Marghera completed
Venice
It is expected to become operational in the 2028 cruise season.
CMA CGM Completes Acquisition of Air Belgium
Marseille/Mont-Saint-Guibert
Mazaudier: Strengthen our air capacity with immediate effect
In the first three months of 2025, freight traffic in Albanian ports decreased by -1.8%
Tirana
Passengers also decreasing (-1.6%)
In 2024, 94.4 million tonnes of goods were transported on the Austrian rail network (+2.2%)
Vienna
31.8% of the total volume was achieved on routes longer than 300 kilometres
The final budget and the annual report 2024 of the AdSP of Sardinia have been approved
Cagliari
Pilot project for the unified issuing of port access permits for haulers
Interporto Padova's 2024 financial statements unanimously approved
Padua
Revenues up +7.3%
Redevelopment works underway at the agri-food hub of the port of Livorno
Leghorn
Works worth six million euros
Bluferries is ready to put the new ro-pax Athena into service in the Strait of Messina
Messina
It can carry up to 22 trucks or 125 cars and 393 people
Approved the financial statement for the financial year 2024 of the AdSP of the Ionian Sea
Taranto
424.8 million port works completed in the last decade
Kalmar reports lower quarterly revenue, higher new orders
Helsinki
In the first three months of 2025, net profit was 34.1 million euros (+2%)
Antonio Ranieri is the new maritime director of Liguria
Genoa
He takes over from Admiral Piero Pellizzari who was discharged from the service upon reaching the age limit
In the first quarter of 2025, China's CIMC recorded a 12.7% increase in container sales
Hong Kong
Revenues grew by +11.0%
PORTS
Italian Ports:
Ancona Genoa Ravenna
Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
Bari La Spezia Savona
Brindisi Leghorn Taranto
Cagliari Naples Trapani
Carrara Palermo Trieste
Civitavecchia Piombino Venice
Italian Interports: list World Ports: map
DATABASE
ShipownersShipbuilding and Shiprepairing Yards
ForwardersShip Suppliers
Shipping AgentsTruckers
MEETINGS
The fourth edition of the national conference "Interporti al centro" will be held on May 23rd
Rome
Organized by UIR, it is scheduled at the Interporto Rivers in Venice
A conference on maritime engineering works and climate change in Rome on Wednesday
Rome
It will be held at the Auditorium Fondazione MAXXI
››› Meetings File
PRESS REVIEW
Proposed 30% increase for port tariffs to be in phases, says Loke
(Free Malaysia Today)
Damen Mangalia Unionists Protest Friday Against Possible Closure
(The Romania Journal)
››› Press Review File
FORUM of Shipping
and Logistics
Relazione del presidente Nicola Zaccheo
Roma, 18 settembre 2024
››› File
Last year, the revenues of the Chinese group CMPort increased by +3.1%
Hong Kong
In the first three months of 2025, port terminals handled 36.4 million containers (+5.6%)
The financial statements of the AdSP of Western Liguria and the Central-Northern Tyrrhenian Sea have been approved
Genoa/Civitavecchia
Konecranes revenues increased by +7.7% in the first three months of 2025
Helsinki
343 million euros of new orders for port vehicles (+37.5%)
Kuehne+Nagel posts first quarter of growth
Schindellegi
The logistics group's net sales amounted to 6.33 billion Swiss francs (+14.9%)
Application by TDT (Grimaldi group) for the construction and management of 50% of the Terminal Darsena Europa in Livorno
Leghorn
The company has requested an extension of the duration of the current concession
In 2024, 58 million invested in the modernization of the ports of Livorno, Piombino and the island of Elba
Leghorn
The final budget and the annual report of the AdSP have been approved
EIB advice to strengthen climate resilience of the ports of Volos, Alexandroupolis and Patras
Luxembourg
It will assist port authorities in identifying and managing climate risks
In the first quarter the port of Valencia handled 1.3 million containers (+3.4%)
Valencia
Transhipment traffic decline
The Management Committee of the Central Tyrrhenian Sea Port Authority has unanimously approved the 2024 financial statement
Naples
SOS LOGistica will acquire the qualification of Third Sector Entity
Milan
The association currently has 74 members
In the first three months of 2025, freight traffic in the ports of Barcelona and Algeciras decreased
Barcelona/Algeciras
Hupac transfers intermodal service with Padua to Novara
Noise
Until now the other terminal was the one in Busto Arsizio
PSA SECH has operated the first 400-meter train at Parco Ferroviario Rugna
Genoa
Capacity up to 20 pairs of trains per day
The 2024 financial statement of the Eastern Liguria Port Authority was unanimously approved
The Spice
The war clearance preparatory to the expansion of the Ravano Terminal in La Spezia is nearing completion
The Spice
The AdSP has invested over 600 thousand euros in it
Francesco Rizzo appointed president of the AdSP of the Strait
Rome
He has repeatedly denounced the uselessness of the construction of the bridge over the Strait
US aircraft attack Yemeni port of Ras Isa
Tampa/Beirut
38 dead and over a hundred injured
In 2025 Stazioni Marittime predicts an increase in ferry and cruise traffic in the port of Genoa
MIT Mobility Report Highlights Rising Demand for Both Passengers and Freight
Rome
In the first quarter, cargo traffic in Russian ports decreased by -5.6%
St. Petersburg
Both dry goods (-5.3%) and liquid bulk (-5.8%) are decreasing
Andrea Giachero confirmed as president of Spediporto
Genoa
The board of directors of the association of Genoese freight forwarders has also been renewed for the three-year period 2025-2028
Study for monitoring vehicular traffic in the ports of Venice and Chioggia
Milan
Order awarded to Circle and Arelogik
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