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4 ottobre 2025 - Anno XXIX
Quotidiano indipendente di economia e politica dei trasporti
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FORUM dello Shipping
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ESPO
ANNUAL REPORT 2006-2007

 

3. The RoRo market

 

3.1 Overview of four RoRo submarkets

Broadly speaking, the RoRo market encompasses four main sub-markets. Firstly, there is the deepsea segment which can be divided into car carrying trades and regular liner trades with RoRo-facilities. Secondly, we have the shortsea segment which can be divided into ferry transport for both passengers (with cars) and rolling freight on the one hand, and freight-only RoRo transport (including containers on mafis) on the other. These four sub-markets will be dealt with in this chapter.

 

3.1.1 Deepsea - Car carrying trades

 

3.1.1.1 Vehicle manufacturing and worldwide seaborne vehicle trade

The vehicle manufacturing industry nowadays produces about 65 million units per year and is characterized by chronic overcapacity (plant utilisation is estimated at some 73% of capacity on a global level, whereas according to industry specialists a level of 80% is needed in order to earn a decent profit) and chronically poor return on investment14. Moreover, just like many other industries, the vehicle manufacturing industry has witnessed an ever-increasing degree of concentration and globalisation over the last few decades. As a result, the industry nowadays counts just 15 (global) players. The top-seven manufacturers, many of which feature a whole myriad of different car brands in their portfolio15, accounted for 46.7 million vehicles in 2005 or nearly 75% of worldwide production (Table 23). It is assumed that by 2010-2012 the number of global vehicle manufacturers will have further reduced to 9 or 10.

 

Table 23: Leading automobile manufacturers in 2005

 

Output (m)

%

 

Output (m)

%

General Motors

10.9

17.2%

Fiat

2.4

3.8%

Toyota

7.6

12.0%

Mitsubishi

1.9

3.0%

Ford

7.4

11.7%

Suzuki Motor

1.8

2.8%

Daimler-Chrysler

6.3

9.9%

BMW Group

1.4

2.2%

VW-Audi

5.4

8.5%

AutoVaz

1.3

2.1%

Renault-Nissan

5.3

8.4%

Mazda Motor

1.0

1.6%

PSA Group

3.8

6.0%

Fuji Heavy Ind.

0.9

1.4%

Hyundai Motor

3.0

4.7%

     

Honda

3.0

4.7%

Total

63.4

100%

Source: Drewry Shipping Consultants (2006)

 

14

According to Drewry Shipping Consultants, average profit margins in car manufacturing have declined from 20% in the early 1920s to around 0% in the 1960s and less than 5% today.

15

General Motors, for example, includes brands such as Cadillac, Oldsmobile, Saab, Chevrolet, Saturn, Holden, Pontiac, Opel, Isuzu, Buick and Vauxhall cars. Similarly, Ford Motor Company marques include Ford, Volvo, Lincoln-Mercury, Aston-Martin, Jaguar, Land Rover and Mazda. Next, Daimler-Chrysler covers Mercedes-Benz, Jeep, Chrysler, Smart Car, Plymouth, Maybach and Dodge, while Volkswagen-Audi encompasses Volkswagen, Audi, Skoda, Seat, Bugatti, Bentley and Lamborghini. On the other hand, Toyota only includes the Toyota and Lexus (luxury) brand, and the PSA Group only encompasses Peugeot and Citroën.

16

In 2006 eight of the world's largest car manufacturers had a facility in South Africa.

17

Due to fierce price undercutting among domestic producers, the average price of China's exported cars has dropped from USD 16,100 per unit in 1999 to USD 9,100 per unit in 2005. Nowadays Chinese car exports mainly consist of low-end models that are sold to emerging markets such as South East Asia, the Middle East, Latin America, South Africa and Russia (Nightingale, 2007).

18

Although deepsea transport of vehicles has already been in existence since the end of the 1950s (with Volkswagen and Renault taking the lead for shipments to the US), the deepsea car carrying market did not fully take off until the 970s with worldwide trading of Japanese cars (Isemar, 2007:01).

19

This represents a 66% increase over the 9m units transported overseas in 1995.

20

Figure 3 does not include the Scandinavia/Baltic region. This region, however, is also of major importance to the European automotive industry, with large assembly factories (e.g. Volvo and Saab in Sweden) and substantial import/export car traffic shipped through Scandinavian/Baltic ports.

Over the years the car manufacturing industry has witnessed important geographical shifts. While established production markets such as Europe, North America and Japan are nowadays indeed still dominant as far as output is concerned, emerging markets in Asia (China, India and Thailand), the Middle-East, South-Africa16, Eastern Europe, Russia or South-America have rapidly gained in importance in recent years. Many of these latter regions have welcomed substantial investments in large car assembly factories. As a result their importance for the worldwide car manufacturing market has increased significantly, and is expected to continue to do so in the years to come. As an example, production in South Asia is expected to more than quadruple from 1.3 million units in 2004 to 5.4 million units in 2020.

China is a very special case in point: its light vehicle production (including commercial vehicles) is expected to increase from about 5.2 million units in 2004 to no less than 12 million units by 2015 and 15 million units by 2020. As far as selling strategies are concerned, there exists a big difference between the local car manufacturers: on the one hand, Chinese manufacturers that are developing production lines are doing so independently, with the aim of exporting their products17. On the other hand, global manufacturers that have set up joint-ventures with Chinese manufacturers are (mainly) producing for the domestic market (Nightingale, 2006:37).

In view of the above, it is hardly surprising that the seaborne vehicle trade has over the years undergone a fundamental geographical shift as well. Whereas today the major seaborne car trades still are Japan-North America, Japan-Europe, Japan-Middle East, South Korea-North America, South Korea-Europe and West Europe-North America, seaborne trades are nowadays increasingly focusing on the developing economies and emerging markets mentioned above. Unsurprisingly, the increasing globalisation trend has also been accompanied by a significant increase in the seaborne shipments of new cars18. It is estimated that, from the total production volume of nearly 65 million new cars in 2005, about 20-25% (i.e. some 15 million units) 19 were exported by ship from their country of manufacture, with the remaining 75-80% sold locally or exported overland. Forecasts for 2015 indicate a worldwide production volume of some 80 million units with overseas exports accounting for nearly 20 million units (excluding transhipment). This figure includes about 16.4 million deepsea units and 3.2 million shortsea units.

The European automotive network, as depicted in Figure 3, demonstrates how the main axes of car assembly and supplier activities are increasingly being complemented by strong developments in the periphery20. Figure 4 depicts a typical production process for CBU (Completely Built Up) cars.

21

European car exports mainly originate from such countries as France, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom and Belgium.

To conclude, Table 24 provides an overview of the production and overseas exports of new cars for four selected regions in 2005. As this table indicates, both Europe21 and North America took the lead with a production of about 20 million new cars each that year. However, only a relatively small amount of their output was exported overseas. The opposite applies to Japan and South Korea, which produced (far) less new vehicles than Europe and North America but generated much bigger maritime export flows.

 

Table 24: Production and overseas exports of new cars for selected regions (million units in 2005)

 

Europe

Japan

Korea

N America

Production

20.7

10.6

4.2

20.0

Exports

1.8

5.0

4.0

0.4

% N America

64%

35%

30%

-

% Europe

-

25%

40%

45%

% Asia

21%

10%

17%

9%

% S America

3%

7%

-

22%

Source: Isemar (2007)

 

3.1.1.2 The Pure Car and Truck Carrier (PCTC) fleet

22

Before the emergence of PCCs, cars used to be transported by conventional ships, often on top of other (heavier) cargoes, and later on by bulk carriers fitted with car decks that could be folded. However, car carrying capacity was low, the loading/unloading process slow and the risk of damage high (Dynamar, 2006:68).

23

Moreover, in many ports around the world port dues rise significantly when the 200m LOA is exceeded.

Nowadays new and second-hand cars are transported mostly by Pure Car and Truck Carriers or PCTCs, the first of which entered service in 1977 (some ten years later than the first Pure Car Carrier or PCC) 22. By mid-February 2007 the total fleet consisted of 580 vessels with a combined capacity of 2.64m CEU. Just like in many other shipping sectors, the average size of the PCTC fleet is getting bigger and bigger, as indicated by Table 25. Whereas the average PCTC had a capacity of just 4035 CEU in mid-1990, this figure had increased to 4552 CEU (+13%) by mid-February 2007. The lion's share of the PCTC fleet is currently being deployed on liner-type services, i.e. involving fixed routes with a predetermined schedule. Moreover, there is nowadays an increased emphasis on logistics and supply chain management, so that car carrier operators are now required to do more than simply move vehicles between ports (Drewry Shipping Consultants, 2006:45).

At the end of 2006 the largest PCTCs in service had a capacity of 7200 CEU, only to attain the 8000 CEU barrier about half a year later. And the increase in size will probably not stop there: shipyards have reportedly been asked to consider building PCTCs of up to 11000 CEU capacity. While such giant ships would obviously result in significant cost savings on the sea leg (economies of scale), they could well pose serious problems for car terminals designed to handle ships with a maximum LOA of 200m23. In fact, the growing shortfall in the number of ports that have the infrastructure for car capacity, including in Europe, constitutes an important problem for car carrier operators. As a result, some of them have taken control of their own destiny by taking a (significant) stake in RoRo terminals in strategic ports (Nightingale, 2007). The takeover of PSA HNN's RoRo terminals by NYK in early 2007 constitutes a prime example of this. Hence, the parallel with the liner shipping industry, which has also seen increasing investments by shipping lines in (semi-) dedicated facilities in recent years (cf. supra), is striking.

 

Table 25: Composition of the car carrier fleet for selected years

Year

1-1999 CEU

2000-2999 CEU

3000-3999 CEU

4000-4999 CEU

5000-5999 CEU

6000+ CEU

Total fleet

 

ships

cap

ships

cap

ships

cap

ships

cap

ships

cap

ships

cap

ships

cap

avg
size

1990

24

33,800

42

105,800

78

260,400

87

394,900

64

347,600

22

136,500

317

1,279,000

4,035

1995

20

28,900

41

103,600

76

252,300

88

395,300

78

418,100

26

160,300

329

1,358,500

4,129

2000

37

51,089

35

87,675

87

289,535

113

512,147

117

639,617

34

206,810

423

1,786,873

4,224

2005

46

62,842

33

81,490

93

313,686

140

631,706

117

640,215

88

551,200

517

2,281,139

4,412

2006

47

67,338

36

87,890

94

316,979

144

648,683

114

619,875

118

747,040

553

2,487,805

4,499

2007

47

67,338

37

90,090

95

320,879

153

689,223

135

745,275

113

727,140

580

2,639,945

4,552

Source: Fearnleys, All figures refer to the first of July each year, while the 2007 figure refers to mid-February 2007,

As its name implies, the cargo of PCTCs is not limited to new or second-hand cars alone. Broadly speaking, the cargo carried by PCTCs on deepsea routes nowadays typically includes about 50% new or second-hand cars and 50% (better-paying) "high and heavy" or "out of gauge" cargo. The latter is mainly being carried on ballast legs (i.e. on their way back to the car loading areas) and can include a whole myriad of different cargoes such as agricultural machines, construction equipment, wind mills, helicopters, etc. On some trades (e.g. to the Eastern Mediterranean or West-Africa) vast volumes of second-hand cars are shipped.

From a technical point of view the PCTC with 10-14 cargo decks, of which 4 or 5 hoistable ones, is nowadays the true workhorse in the industry. Many of the recently built PCTCs have a ramp capacity of 150 tons or more, clearly reflecting the increasing importance of "high and heavy" cargoes. In contrast to PCTCs, the Pure Car Carrier (PCC) concept is slowly fading away, due to a number of reasons. Firstly, the clear height of their car decks is not high enough to accommodate mono-volume cars or SUVs, which are becoming increasingly popular among consumers. Moreover, PCCs are far less suited than PCTCs to carry the mix of cargo types mentioned above.

24

Of course not all of the 80 million manufactured vehicles will have to be transported overseas. Nevertheless, some industry pundits estimate that the car carrying trades could involve as much as 20 million units by 2010, when China and other emerging markets in Asia are expected to generate substantial regional and global export flows.

25

This is the minimum size considered competitive for long-haul trades.

26

The oldest car carriers in the current world fleet are two units built in 1973. One of them is still used to carry second-hand vehicles from Europe to the Middle East and Africa, while the other is being circulated for sale by its Maltese owners. Car carriers can nowadays indeed continue trading to an age of 30 years or more, because rolling cargo on rubber tyres does not cause much hull damage, coupled with the fact that ballast tanks and engines onboard ships can be renewed. The improved quality of coatings also plays a role in this respect.

27

Out of the 50 or so major car manufacturers worldwide, only five have their own vessels to handle export cargoes, namely Nissan Motor (Nissan Motor Car Carrier), Volkswagen (Volkswagen Logistics), Toyota (Toyofugi), Honda (Act Marine) and Hyundai Motor (Eukor). The size of their ship fleets is, however, not sufficient to meet 100% of their shipment needs, implying that they have to rely on other operators as well. In fact, many car manufacturers have long-standing relationships with PCTC operators.

28

The total export volume of Japanese new cars reached an estimated 5.6 million units in 2006, a substantial 19% increase over 2005. For China, the total export volume of new cars reached about 340,000 units in 2006, a massive 96% increase over 2005. On the import side, China accounted for 229,000 units in 2005, about 40% more than the year before. Contrary to their Japanese or South Korean counterparts, Chinese manufacturers have to rely on foreign car carrier operators for the shipment of vehicles, because local shipping companies only own RoRo vessels that are deployed on coastal routes. This constitutes an important reason behind the plans of China to establish its own car carrier fleet, although this will take a number of years to materialize.

In order to keep up with an expected annual 2% growth in vehicle manufacturing in the coming decade (to reach an estimated 80 million units by 2015), many operators have invested heavily in the expansion of their ship fleets24. At the end of 2006 about 570 car carriers with a capacity of at least 1000 car equivalent units (CEU) were being deployed on worldwide trade routes (never before was the fleet so big) for a combined capacity of about 2.6 million CEU. At that time, a further 160-180 units were on order for delivery during 2007-2010, for a total capacity of nearly 1 million CEU. In recent years prices for PCTC newbuildings have increased steadily: the typical price tag for a 6500 CEU unit ordered at established Japanese or South Korean yards nowadays reaches about USD 75-80 million, while this was just USD 55 million a few years ago. However, shipyards in emerging markets such as Vietnam (Vinashin) or India (Pipavav) nowadays offer more attractive prices.

Although representing some 35% of the current fleet capacity in CEU terms, it is generally assumed that the 1 million CEU order backlog, which is heavily focused towards 6000+ CEU vessels, will easily be absorbed by the market. Indeed, according to some industry observers the market is nowadays (i.e. early 2007) characterized by a shortage of car carrier tonnage of about 10%. This corresponds with roughly 50 ships in the 2000+ CEU segment25. This tight supply situation has a number of important implications. Firstly, according to some industry observers, shipments of new cars from Japan or South Korea are nowadays being delayed by about 1 month on average. Secondly, the lack of capacity has resulted in the fact that many older vessels, which have reached an age at which they could be scrapped, are actually still trading. In fact, just one single car carrier went to the scrapping yard in 2005, while in 2006 no such ship was scrapped at all.

Because of this extremely low scrapping activity in recent years, the car carrier fleet nowadays counts more than 100 vessels of over 25 years old26. Unsurprisingly, these ships are mainly used to transport second-hand cars, as they do not boast the necessary deck configuration or ramp capacity to carry a mix of vehicles and "high and heavy" cargo. Other important markets for older car carriers are the trades between Japan and New Zealand, between the Mediterranean/North Europe and West Africa, and between the Far East and Middle East. It is generally assumed that the older vessels will gradually be phased out as from 2010 onwards, i.e. after the large newbuildings slated for 2007-2010 delivery have poured into the market.

A final implication of the tight supply situation is the fact that charter rates for car carriers have increased significantly in recent years. Current 12-month charter rates for 5000-6000 CEU units are estimated to be in the USD 30,000-40,000 per day region, i.e. about double the rate level of three years ago. In fact, the increases in newbuild prices and charter rates have been much more pronounced than the increase in freight rates obtained from shippers/manufacturers who, following consolidation in the car manufacturing industry, nowadays have substantial bargaining power vis-à-vis operators27. This fact, combined with spiralling fuel costs, has obviously put PCTC operators under significant pressure in recent times. Yet, as manufacturers are well aware of the current tight supply situation and high fuel costs, they are prepared to put freight rates and bunker clauses back up for discussion at the negotiation table. After all, for many of them ocean transport constitutes a vital part of their global supply chains. In fact, as a result of the tight supply situation at the end of 2006, some car manufacturers have signed longer-term contracts than usual with car carrier operators, in order to safeguard required space (Nightingale, 2007).

 

3.1.1.3 Leading car carrier operators

On the shipping lines side, the industry is dominated by about six major operators based in the Far East and Europe, the largest of them being Japanese NYK (Table 26). This carrier currently has an (owned or controlled) car carrier fleet of some 90 vessels for a combined capacity of some 400,000 CEU and shipped an estimated 3.2 million CEU during 2006, an increase of about 15% compared to 200528. Driving forces behind the growth in NYK cargo volumes were (and still are) the increasing interest from the North American market for fuel-efficient Japanese cars, as well as good sales in Europe and the Middle East. Apart from NYK, other big deepsea players are Mitsui OSK Lines, K-Line, Eukor, Wallenius Wilhelmsen Logistics and Höegh Autoliners (including Maersk tonnage). These six carriers nowadays directly own about half of the specialist car carrier capacity and operate more than 80% of global fleet capacity (when chartered tonnage is included). Moreover, each of these six companies is also heavily involved in the European shortsea trades (cf. infra). Table 26 also clearly illustrates the dominance of the Japanese "Big Three" (NYK, K-Line and MOL) on the car carrying market. The "Others" line in Table 26 mainly refers to tonnage suppliers. The main players in this segment are Cido Shipping, Ray Car Carriers, Gram Car Carriers, Zodiac Maritime, Vroon and Dyvi. Just like the big operators, these tonnage providers have invested heavily in newbuilding orders in recent years.

In order to supply their global networks, the large vehicle manufacturers are nowadays increasingly obliged to use the services of all these six independent companies, rather than appointing one or two single carriers to carry all their business. In fact, "established relationships from the past have given way to contracts based on the need to supply different trade flows with different carriers. These contracts often imply cargo sharing agreements between carriers" (Drewry Shipping Consultants, 2006:45).

 

Table 26: Leading car carrier operators as at July 2006

Operator

Vessels
owned

Capacity
(CEU)

Vessels
operated

Capacity
(CEU)

NYK

54

264,000

85

393,000

Eukor

24

124,000

>85

>350,000

K-Line

30

145,000

77

344,000

MOL

51

235,000

>70

>320,000

WWL

37

195,000

50

264,000

Hoegh

27

142,000

50

220,000

Others

354

1,212,000

-

-

Total

577

2,359,000

577

2,359,000

Source: Drewry Shipping Consultants (2006)

Another major player in the car carrier industry is Italy-based Grimaldi, which is both an operator and tonnage provider. From a geographical point of view, Grimaldi is a special case in point in that it currently mainly focuses on the Mediterranean-North Europe, intra-Mediterranean, Europe-West Africa and Europe-East Coast South America trade routes. As such, it has not (yet) ventured outside the Atlantic for vehicle transport. Secondly, United European Car Carriers (UECC) and K-Line European Sea Highway Service (KESS) are peculiar cases as they are heavily involved in the shorter-haul feedering business for the main deepsea operators (see below). So also here a parallel with the container liner industry can be drawn.

From an operational point of view, in the mid-nineties a fleet of 25-30 ships was regarded as the threshold needed to have the scale and flexibility to serve the car manufactures. The general expectation is that this figure will have tripled to around 80 units by 2010. This probably constitutes an important reason behind the recent team-up between Höegh Autoliners and AP Moller Maersk, which involves a joint commercial management of their respective fleets. The combined Höegh and Maersk fleet consists of 55 + 12 vessels (including chartered tonnage), with a further 15 units to be delivered during the next couple of years. Höegh Autoliners carried about 1.8 million CEU in 2006, of which some 65% consisted of new cars. While the AP Moller Maersk Line fleet (consisting of small 2500 CEU and mid-sized 4800 CEU units) is currently chartered out to Wallenius Wilhelmsen Logistics, NYK and Mitsui OSK Lines, it is expected that most of the vessels will join the Höegh fleet once their charter commitments expire.

 

3.1.1.4 Vehicle trades in Europe

29

The Russian vehicle market is expected to reach 2 million units by 2010. The port of Kotka in Finland is increasingly being used as the gateway to Russia, with vehicles being transported to St-Petersburg and Moscow. In fact, Kotka is one of the seven strategic ports where Wallenius Wilhelmsen Logistics operates its own terminals, next to Zeebrugge, Southampton, Liverpool, Baltimore, Brunswick and Port Hueneme (the latter three being located in the United States of America).

30

As a matter of fact, demand for new cars in Russia is so high that in the course of 2006 a number of modern RoRo vessels of Transfennica were grabbed by UECC. They are now being converted to shortsea car carriers.

31

The port of Copenhagen/Malmö (CMP) is rapidly developing as a Nordic hub for cars. The volume of new cars handled at CMP terminals increased from 160,000 units in 2003 to no less than 350,000 units in 2005. This represents an average annual increase of nearly 50%.

32

In North America, the main ports of call for new and second-hand vehicle trades include New York (1 million units in 2005), Fraserport (Canada), Baltimore, Portland, Jacksonville, Brunswick, Los Angeles, Port Hueneme and Long Beach. In the Far East, the principal hub ports are Hong Kong, Laem Chabang (Thailand), Sriracha (Thailand), Singapore, Shanghai, Tianjin, Yokohama and Toyohashi.

As far as the European market is concerned, maritime transport of cars is expected to increase steadily over the years to come, following stable or slightly increasing demand for cars in the mature Northwest European market coupled with strong growth in Russia29, Eastern Europe and Turkey. This latter aspect is expected to boost the import flow of cars in ports in the Baltic and the Black Sea. It will also be to the benefit of intra-European shortsea carriers, because many ports in the Baltic or the Black Sea currently dispose of insufficient draught to handle the large PCTCs, such that they have to be served by transhipment via large ports in the Mediterranean such as, for example, Gioia Tauro. Similarly, Russian volumes30 could be transshipped via Bremerhaven in Germany to, e.g., Kotka in Finland. Of course, this picture would change drastically when car manufacturers would decide to establish factories in Eastern Europe and Russia.

As outlined above, the leading deepsea car carrier operators are also heavily involved in the intra-European shortsea trades. Examples include United European Car Carriers (UECC) which is jointly owned by Wallenius and NYK; K-Line European Sea Highway Service (KESS); Autoliners SAS (a subsidiary of Höegh Autoliners); Euro Marine Carriers (in which Höegh has a minority share); and the European shortsea operations by MOL. This combination of deepsea and regional service provision is part of the general trend towards the "one stop shop/total service logistics package" which operators now have to provide to vehicle manufacturers to retain their business (Drewry Shipping Consultants, 2006).

In more mature European markets, for example the English Channel traffic, car carriers are nowadays facing very strong competition from traditional RoRo operators (such as Cobelfret from Belgium), although the RoRo operators' main business still remains the transport of trucks, trailers and mafis so their ships have relatively limited car capacities. Cobelfret is a particular case in point. Following the commissioning of the massive 4600 lanem PAULINE in 2006, coupled with a consolidation of its terminal interests (Cobelfret owns terminals in Purfleet, Killingholme, Rotterdam, Zeebrugge and Vlissingen), the company can remain ahead of competition from other RoRo operators, as well as feeder lines and shortsea car carriers (ShipPax Information, 2007).

Table 27 provides an overview of the main European ports handling new and second-hand cars. In some of these ports, car carrier operators have invested in dedicated hub terminals from which other destinations are feederised, although a typical roundtrip for a large PCTC nowadays still counts five or six ports in Europe. Apart from the ports listed in Table 27, other important car handling ports which receive regular PCTC calls are Livorno (Leghorn), Flushing (Vlissingen), Vigo, Valencia, Piraeus, Koper, Santander, Göteborg, Copenhagen/Malmö31, Marseilles, Pasajes, Almeria, Rotterdam, Ghent and Cuxhaven. Some of these ports are situated in close proximity to car assembly factories of leading manufacturers32.

 

Table 27: Main European vehicle ports in 2005

Port

units (m)

Port

units (m)

Zeebrugge

1.73

Sheerness*

0.67

Bremerhaven

1.65

London*

0.67

Emden

0.86

Grimsby/Immingham

0.62

Antwerp

0.81

Bristol/Portbury

0.60

Barcelona

0.78

Le Havre

0.58

Southampton

0.71

Tyne Ports

0.48

Source: Port Authorities. Various
* 2004 figure

 

3.1.2 Deepsea - Liner trades with RoRo-facilities

From an operational point of view, the ConRo concept (which refers to the carriage of containers and RoRo cargo on one single ship) bears a big resemblance with container liner shipping. Cargoes transported include new and second-hand cars, trucks, "high and heavy" cargo and containers. Important shipping lines in the ConRo market segment are Grimaldi Lines, Delmas/OTAL and Nile Dutch Shipping (NDS).

In the past, the deployment of ConRo vessels was very popular on certain liner trades to the Middle East, West Africa, South America and Russia, where facilities to handle ships were rather limited in certain ports. As for today, the ConRo concept has almost completely faded away on the deepsea routes (e.g. to/from the Middle East). It does, however, still survive on certain Western African and South-American trades (e.g. Grimaldi), as well as in the Levant (Beirut/Tripoli). ConRo vessels are nowadays also being deployed on some shortsea routes, by such carriers as Transfennica (Spliethoff Group) or Cobelfret.

33

Grimaldi Lines ordered five ConRo vessels (25,000 dwt, 800 teu, 2000 cars and 250 trucks) at Hyundai Mipo for a reported USD 430 million in early 2007. The vessels will be delivered in 2010-2011 and come on top of five similar units ordered earlier in Croatia.

Most of today's ConRo vessels were built in the seventies and eighties, so the fleet has reached a relatively high average age. Construction of new vessels has come to an almost complete standstill as, with the exception of Grimaldi Lines (Naples) (which also owns transatlantic ConRo line ACL), nobody seems willing to invest in new tonnage33. This has led to a decreased presence of ConRo tonnage on liner trades.

Grimaldi Lines also has a number of dedicated terminals around Europe suited to handle ConRo cargoes, e.g. in Naples, Antwerp and Hamburg. To conclude, it should be mentioned that the United States (for their Naval Reserve Fleet) have absorbed quite a number of ConRo vessels from the market, to deploy them in times of international conflict.

 

3.1.3 Shortsea - Ferries

Whereas in the past the main income of ferry operators was related to the transport of passengers (income could typically be broken down into 35-40% "passengers", 35-40% "duty free" and 25-30% "freight"), this picture has undergone a fundamental change in recent years. First of all, ferry operators have been and are still faced with increasing competition from low-cost airlines (which nowadays offer cheap flights throughout entire Europe) and passenger and freight services between the Continent and the UK via the Channel Tunnel. This was compounded by the abolishment of duty-free sales onboard ferries in Europe on 1 July 1999, which resulted in a substantial loss of passenger traffic. On the other hand, freight transport in Europe has enjoyed very high growth rates in recent years.

In view of the above, it is not surprising to see that many ferry operators have felt the need to substitute passenger space for freight space onboard their vessels. As a case in point, SeaFrance's latest ferries nowadays carry about 120 trucks per voyage between Calais and Dover, compared to 40-50 for vessels of a previous generation. Another example is the Travemünde-Trelleborg service operated by TT-Line. After the abolishment of duty-free sales, TT-Line decided to order new ships with a higher focus on freight and with only very basic passenger facilities (in the past passenger facilities onboard TT-Line ships were much more developed). In addition, Stena Line decided to have its cruise-ferries on the Kiel-Göteborg link rebuilt, to allow for an increase in the freight capacity and a more flexible exploitation of passenger facilities (e.g. less crew in the Winter season and more crew in the Summer holiday season). Another case in point is ferry operator Finnlines, who is introducing ferries with a freight capacity of about 4200 lanemetre and several hundred passengers on the link between Travemünde (North Germany) and Finland. These ferries will temporarily be the largest ferries deployed on European trade routes.

Hence, the general tendency in today's ferry market is clear - an increasing focus on freight (which has indeed now become the main revenue for most ferry operators in Europe) rather than passengers. Having said this, however, passenger transport still remains a very important business for certain ferry operators on certain markets. A prime example of this is the Sweden-Finland link. Another exception to the increasing focus on freight is formed by the "cruise-ferries" which only carry about 1300-1500 lanemetre of freight. As an example we can mention the cruise ferries of Color Line deployed between Kiel (Germany) and Oslo.

In addition to the traditional services in Northern and Western Europe, another market worth mentioning is the Mediterranean, which has witnessed a tonnage rejuvenation in recent years. The traffic is very much "North-South" oriented rather than "East-West", with large ferries being deployed on services linking e.g. Northern Italy with Sicily, Italy with Greece, and France with Corsica or North Africa. Service speed is a crucial issue in these markets, and several ferry operators are nowadays deploying conventional RoPax vessels with speeds of up to 30 knots. To some extent, this phenomenon of fast conventional RoPax ferries is being copied in Northern Europe. As a case in point, Color Line will soon be introducing fast conventional vessels replacing ageing passenger RoRo vessels on services linking Denmark with Norway.

Finally, other important ferry links are Germany/Sweden, Denmark/Sweden, England-Wales/Ireland, England/Scandinavia, Calais/Dover, Valencia/Barcelona to the islands and North Africa, Marseilles/Corsica and North Africa, Sicily/Sardinia, Greece, the Adriatic Sea and Tunisia/Algeria/Morocco. Generally speaking, all these markets are being characterized by an increasing focus on freight transport (and thus a reduced focus on passenger transport), less duty-free sales and the deployment of faster and more modern ships.

Table 28 provides an overview of world ferry traffic in 2005 for passengers and three types of cargo. As this table indicates, Europe accounts for about one third of global passenger traffic by ferries, but its share of commercial ferry cargoes is much higher. The Baltic is a very important market for car and bus traffic, while the North Sea area is the dominant geographical region for trailer traffic.

 

Table 28: World ferry traffic in 2005

Area

Passengers

Cars

Buses

Trailers

Trips

Baltic

187,182,008

67,816,38

305,106

6,926,465

3,569,383

Mediterranean

192,195,725

26,551,362

85,131

6,578,501

351,432

North Sea

131,772,903

18,786,155

275,265

10,100,708

315,830

Subtotal Europe

511,150,636

113,153,898

665,502

23,605,674

4,236,645

Rest of world

883,964,931

43,295,710

86,015

4,878,016

1,404,400

World total

1,395,115,567

156,449,608

751,517

28,483,690

5,641,045

Share of Europe

36.6%

72.3%

88.6%

82.9%

75.1%

Source: ShipPax Statistics & Outlook 2006

 

At 01/01/2006, the total number of ferries amounted to 1,162 units, with a combined capacity of 1.16 million passengers (of which some 320,000 accommodated in cabins), 266,210 cars or 769,210 lanemetres of commercial vehicles. The fleet had a combined Gross Tonnage (GT) of 12,816,377 GT and an average age of 21 years. As Table 29 indicates, the top-15 European ferry operators accounted for just over half the GT of the total ferry fleet.

 

Table 29: Top-15 European ferry operators at 01/01/2006

Company

Total GT

Company

Total GT

DFDS Group

925,167

Scandlines

349,274

Stena

834,359

Tallink

347,914

P&O

572,082

ANEK Lines

328,243

Tirrenia di Navigazione

549,565

Silja Line

317,313

Grandi Navi Veloci

443,181

SNCM Ferryterranee

264,645

Color Line

424,613

Viking Line

246,032

Superfast Ferries

388,184

Total top-15

6,740,270

Trasmediterranea

381,405

Total ferry fleet

12,816,377

Minoan Lines

368,293

Share of top-15

52.6%

Source: ShipPax Statistics & Outlook 2006

 

3.1.4 Shortsea - Unaccompanied freight transport

The market for unaccompanied freight transport, the fourth of the RoRo markets discussed here, is "booming business" for all players involved in it, and for most geographical regions is being characterized by scale increases (larger vessels), a shortage of vessels and a rather old age profile of the fleet. Vessels active in these trades are only allowed to carry a maximum of 12 drivers.

The market for unaccompanied freight transport is of crucial importance to many ports in Scandinavia, through which substantial

volumes of paper and forest products from local manufacturers (such as Stora Enso, UPM Kymmene, SCA or Norske Skog) are exported. Many of these export cargoes are loaded on mafis and then transported via RoRo vessels to destinations all across Europe. However, in order to reduce their dependency on pure RoRo freight, many shipping lines also increasingly reserve space for containers, for example for northbound cargoes going back to Scandinavia (e.g. 600-700 teu on the new Transfennica vessels). Important shipping lines in the Scandinavian RoRo market include DFDS Tor Line, Transfennica (Spliethoff Group) and Finnlines.

Another major market for unaccompanied RoRo freight transport is the North Sea, for example from Benelux ports (Rotterdam (Europoort and Hoek van Holland), Flushing, Zeebrugge and Ostend) to ports along the Humber and Thames (Hull, Killingholme, Dartford, Purfleet, Dagenham and Immingham). Other important UK ports are the so-called "Haven Ports" of Felixstowe (Norfolkline), Harwich (Stena Line) and Ipswich (Ferryways). On the North Sea market, containerized cargo is playing an increasingly important role (e.g. Cobelfret already carries more containers than trailers on some of its North Sea services). Without a doubt, the container will increase its penetration on other trade routes than the North Sea as well.

In contrast to the two above-mentioned markets (i.e. Scandinavia and North Sea), the market between North Europe and the Mediterranean is a very difficult market for unaccompanied RoRo transport, due to the very heavy competition from road transport. As a matter of fact, volumes on the North Europe to Mediterranean trade are nowadays not yet sufficient for a cost-effective exploitation of services with a high frequency (which is a crucial aspect if one wants to compete head-on with road transport). As a result, services on this trade route are only viable if they enjoy financial support such as under the "Motorways of the Seas" programme of the European Commission.

Finally we have the intra-Mediterranean market, but this market is nowadays more focussed towards RoPax vessels, while trailer transport is only of secondary importance. In the intra-Mediterranean market, UN RORO offers very specific concepts between Italy and Turkey (2 RoRo sailings per day between Trieste and Istanbul).

 

3.2 RoRo traffic handled in European seaports

Table 30 provides an overview of RoRo traffic handled in a selection of European seaports. The table was drawn from a large Eurostat database containing about 260 ports handling RoRo traffic, for a total throughput of 415 million tons in 2005. However, for the present Report we have limited ourselves to those seaports which handled at least 200,000 tons of RoRo traffic. This resulted in a total ports sample of about 160 individual ports spread across 22 different countries, as shown in Table 30. Their combined RoRo throughput amounted to 407 million tons in 2005, effectively representing 98% of the total RoRo throughput of the 260 ports in the Eurostat database.

As can be seen from Table 30, ports in the United Kingdom handled nearly 100 million tons of RoRo traffic in 2005, i.e. about one quarter of the total RoRo traffic handled in European seaports. Next, with a total traffic of more than 50 million tons, Italy is also a major import/export country for RoRo cargo in Europe, although none of its ports handled more than 8 million tons of RoRo traffic in 2005. Other important players on the European RoRo handling scene are Sweden, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, France, Greece, Spain, the Netherlands, Finland and Ireland, each handling more than 0 million tons in 2005. Between them, these 12 countries handled about 391 million tons of RoRo traffic in 2005, giving them a combined market share of nearly 95%.

On an individual port basis, the biggest RoRo port in Europe is Dover, with a total traffic of more than 20 million tons in 2005. This represents about 5% of the combined RoRo throughput of the 260 ports in the Eurostat database. Other major RoRo ports, handling more than 10 million tons per year, include Calais (France), Zeebrugge (Belgium), Lübeck (Germany), Immingham (UK), Rotterdam (the Netherlands), Trelleborg and Göteborg (Sweden). At the other end of the spectrum, more than 160 European seaports handled less than 1 million tons of RoRo traffic in 2005.

As Table 30 indicates, the Eurostat database makes a distinction between two kinds of RoRo cargo, namely mobile self-propelled units on the one hand and other (non-self-propelled) RoRo cargo on the other. These two categories correspond to Codes 5 and 6, respectively, as defined in Annex II of Council Directive 95/64/EC of 8 December 995 on statistical returns in respect of carriage of goods and passenger by sea, as modified by Commission Decision 2005/366/EC of March 2005 (see OJ L123 of 17/5/2005 page 5).

The first RoRo category (mobile self-propelled units) includes (1) road goods vehicles and accompanying trailers, (2) passenger cars, motorcycles and accompanying trailers/caravans, (3), passenger buses, (4) trade vehicles (including import/export motor vehicles), (5) live animals on the hoof, and (6) other mobile self-propelled units. The total throughput in the selected European ports amounted to some 243 million tons in 2005. The United Kingdom was by far the market leader with a cargo volume exceeding 50 million tons, followed by Sweden (26.8 million tons), France (22.5 million tons) and Germany (21.4 million tons). On an individual port basis, Dover was by far the biggest port, followed by Calais, Rotterdam, Trelleborg, Lübeck, Rostock and Rodby.

The second RoRo category (non self-propelled cargo) includes (1) unaccompanied road goods trailers and semi-trailers, (2) unaccompanied caravans and other road, agricultural and industrial vehicles, (3) rail wagons, shipborne port-to-port trailers, and shipborne barges engaged in goods transport, and (4) other mobile non-self-propelled units. Here, the total throughput reached about 172 million tons in 2005. The United Kingdom was again by far the market leader with a cargo volume of nearly 50 million tons, followed by Italy (32 million tons), Belgium (20.4 million tons), Germany (15.3 million tons) and Sweden (13.9 million tons). On an individual port basis, Zeebrugge was the biggest port for this type of RoRo cargo, followed by Immingham, Lübeck, London, Göteborg and Genova.

 

Table 30: Overview of RoRo traffic handled in European seaports (2005)

Port

Self-prop,

Other

RoRo total

Port

Self-prop,

Other

RoRo total

Zeebrugge

2,426,461

13,579,949

16,006,410

Palma Mallorca

4,601,149

2,603,848

7,204,997

Oostende

3,827,212

2,360,556

6,187,768

Barcelona

2,707,849

1,145,977

3,853,826

Antwerp

1,893,961

3,484,103

5,378,064

Santa Cruz de Tenerife

376,503

1,291,282

1,667,785

Ghent

75,955

1,007,948

1,083,903

Las Palmas

137,621

1,494,515

1,632,136

Belgium

8,223,589

20,432,556

28,656,145

Cádiz

83,642

1,411,754

1,495,396

Varna

456,369

 

456,369

Algeciras

976,474

49,978

1,026,452

Other Bulgarian ports

85,114

 

85,114

Ceuta

307,380

472,876

780,256

Bulgaria

541,483

0

541,483

Tarragona

593,212

102,218

695,430

Rødby (Færgehavn)

5,240,900

 

5,240,900

Santander

498,525

33,074

531,599

Helsingør (Elsinore)

4,282,510

 

4,282,510

Melilla

133,963

385,235

519,198

Århus

1,818,656

1,551,328

3,369,984

Vigo

471,248

 

471,248

Kalundborg

1,859,567

1,131,520

2,991,087

Málaga

79,193

302,274

381,467

Frederikshavn

2,401,566

243,780

2,645,346

Almería

114,927

260,628

375,555

Esbjerg

93,527

1,667,608

1,761,135

Pasajes

311,016

19,072

330,088

Gedser

1,447,100

 

1,447,100

Alicante

12,363

239,348

251,711

Hirtshals

1,177,068

 

1,177,068

Other Spanish ports

129,340

88,304

217,644

Rønne

174,830

208,427

383,257

Spain

11,534,405

9,900,383

21,434,788

Københavns Havn

216,939

150,564

367,503

Calais

16,555,458

 

16,555,458

Køge

119,506

182,710

302,216

Marseille

491,717

1,475,319

1,967,036

Aabenraa

:

263,873

263,873

Cherbourg

1,456,821

759

1,457,580

Fredericia (Og Shell)

29,088

181,958

211,046

Caen

1,398,724

 

1,398,724

Denmark

18,861,257

5,581,768

24,443,025

Le Havre

1,312,903

174

1,313,077

Lübeck

6,062,021

9,650,269

15,712,290

Dieppe

661,098

 

661,098

Rostock

5,287,150

1,894,134

7,181,284

Nantes Saint-Nazaire

203,747

94,144

297,891

Puttgarden

3,734,777

 

3,734,777

Rouen

239,665

754

240,419

Sassnitz

461,167

2,010,181

2,471,348

Other French ports

149,477

206,265

355,742

Bremerhaven

2,328,577

77,959

2,406,536

France

22,469,610

1,777,415

24,247,025

Kiel

778,573

761,365

1,539,938

Genova

753,985

6,582,507

7,336,492

Emden

1,422,066

 

1,422,066

Livorno

1,822,881

4,944,340

6,767,221

Cuxhaven

289,484

799,050

1,088,534

Olbia

1,056,584

3,849,479

4,906,063

Hamburg

371,069

11,373

382,442

Trieste

1,372,991

1,832,042

3,205,033

Other German ports

644,939

73,516

718,455

Cagliari

270,085

2,757,512

3,027,597

Germany

21,379,823

15,277,847

36,657,670

Palermo

1,065,643

1,689,242

2,754,885

Tallinn

3,099,223

1,637,419

4,736,642

Napoli

1,275,415

1,171,894

2,447,309

Kunda

 

828,149

828,149

Taranto

1,879

2,293,199

2,295,078

Pärnu

 

1,350,663

1,350,663

Ancona

2,057,855

146,509

2,204,364

Vene-Balti

 

218,778

218,778

Civitavecchia

583,360

1,460,334

2,043,694

Estonia

3,099,223

4,035,009

7,134,232

Salerno

1,563,162

294,628

1,857,790

Dublin

4,255,551

4,107,980

8,363,53

Piombino

1,151,119

650,149

1,801,268

Other Irish ports

2,478,816

974,125

3,452,941

Venezia

927,165

583,648

1,510,813

Ireland

6,734,367

5,082,105

11,816,472

Messina

1,209,373

239,705

1,449,078

Pireus

3,247,269

1,525,330

4,772,599

Catania

325,149

760,184

1,085,333

Patras

2,947,729

612,731

3,560,460

Trapani

765,069

176,481

941,550

Igoumenitsa

2,745,158

24,339

2,769,497

Bari

858,241

43,611

901,852

Antirio

2,242,389

 

2,242,389

Brindisi

773,036

35,752

808,788

Rio

2,242,389

 

2,242,389

Porto Torres

144,013

660,624

804,637

Heraklio

934,180

962,944

1,897,124

Termini Imerese

43,842

755,599

799,441

Paloukia Salaminas

1,867,352

 

1,867,352

Ravenna

9,134

529,494

538,628

Perama

1,867,352

 

1,867,352

Monfalcone

74,294

395,180

469,474

Corfu

630,891

574

631,465

Other Italian ports

740,273

125,640

865,913

Megara

382,925

 

382,925

Italy

18,844,548

31,977,753

50,822,301

Rhodes

254,573

23,236

277,809

Dover

20,124,272

540,898

20,665,170

Other Greek ports

260,910

75,785

336,695

Immingham

1,782,985

10,897,124

12,680,109

Greece

19,623,117

3,224,939

22,848,056

London

998,436

7,991,937

8,990,373

Limassol (Lemesos)

118,666

92,044

210,710

Liverpool

2,595,607

3,627,928

6,223,535

Other Cypriotic ports

12,574

281

12,855

Larne

2,830,000

2,599,160

5,429,160

Cyprus

131,240

92,325

223,565

Belfast

1,971,851

2,730,667

4,702,518

Liepaja

437,076

82,762

519,838

Hull

1,151,303

2,751,417

3,902,720

Ventspils

512,073

3,345

515,418

Holyhead

3,088,472

693,987

3,782,459

Other Latvian ports

57

 

57

Portsmouth

2,812,491

910,104

3,722,595

Latvia

949,206

86,107

1,035,313

Harwich

1,510,771

2,117,632

3,628,403

Klaipeda

847,660

851,567

1,699,227

Heysham

466,859

2,841,742

3,308,601

Lithuania

847,660

851,567

1,699,227

Cairnryan

2,186,882

1,087,051

3,273,933

Malta (Valetta)

22,552

181,999

204,551

Felixstowe

236,439

2,633,963

2,870,402

Other Maltese ports

 

698

698

Tees & Hartlepool

172,427

2,468,084

2,640,511

Malta

22,552

182,697

205,249

Ramsgate

1,618,105

224,371

1,842,476

Rotterdam

9,599,793

1,380,999

10,980,792

Fleetwood

563,524

1,071,611

1,635,135

Scheveningen

3,328,675

 

3,328,675

Southampton

1,451,730

99,576

1,551,306

Vlissingen

1,735,405

 

1,735,405

Stranraer

1,046,564

118,538

1,165,102

Amsterdam

309,873

14,411

324,284

Milford Haven

535,679

541,047

1,076,726

Other Dutch ports

191,908

 

191,908

Ipswich

98,593

968,885

1,067,478

Netherlands

15,165,654

1,395,410

16,561,064

Poole

813,492

226,405

1,039,897

Swinoujscie

2,239,819

489,760

2,729,579

Warrenpoint

87,253

766,250

853,503

Gdynia

1,022,976

530,024

1,553,000

Bristol

718,955

123,253

842,208

Other Polish ports

124,916

70,548

195,464

Tyne

649,766

165,726

815,492

Poland

3,387,711

1,090,332

4,478,043

Fishguard

380,015

133,310

513,325

Setúbal

368,442

3,678

372,120

Forth

256,109

217,830

473,939

Other Portuguese ports

71,240

2,794

74,034

Medway

396,840

 

396,840

Portugal

439,682

6,472

446,154

Aberdeen

24,265

232,018

256,283

Romanian ports

22,579

188,683

211,262

Other UK ports

331,979

127,988

459,967

Romania

22,579

188,683

211,262

United Kingdom

50,901,664

48,908,502

99,810,166

Slovenian ports

20,266

8,380

28,646

Split

628,705

534

629,239

Slovenia

20,266

8,380

28,646

Other Croatian ports

49,225

928

50,153

Helsinki

2,129,028

2,905,656

5,034,684

Croatia

677,930

1,462

679,392

Turku

1,388,132

1,456,548

2,844,680

Stavanger Ports*

2,039,775

253,661

2,293,436

Hanko

949,024

1,342,313

2,291,337

Haugesund Ports*

1,314,947

37,607

1,352,554

Naantali

1,996,235

80,542

2,076,777

Oslo

534,271

678,690

1,212,961

Hamina

22,555

331,616

354,171

Porsgrunn Ports*

208,048

352,526

560,574

Kotka

82,621

188,496

271,117

Larvik

455,376

 

455,376

Uusikaupunki

23,734

210,994

234,728

Kristiansand S

283,679

105,300

388,979

Vaasa

153,533

66,592

220,125

Sandefjord

298,279

 

298,279

Other Finnish ports

7,178

90,960

98,138

Other Norwegian ports

287,443

300,908

588,351

Finland

6,752,040

6,673,717

13,425,757

Norway

5,421,818

1,728,692

7,150,510

Trelleborg

7,554,054

3,003,534

10,557,588

       

Göteborg

3,248,685

6,948,616

10,197,301

       

Helsingborg

3,824,864

616,098

4,440,962

       

Malmö

2,806,163

1,077,756

3,883,919

       

Stockholm

1,660,304

1,033,197

2,693,501

       

Kappelskär

2,481,841

101,380

2,583,221

       

Ystad

1,957,836

501,204

2,459,040

       

Karlshamn

881,551

279,631

1,161,182

       

Karlskrona

931,836

32,551

964,387

       

Nynäshamn (ports)

442,177

252,658

694,835

       

Varberg

658,788

6,136

664,924

       

Umeå

217,515

11,375

228,890

       

Other Swedish ports

105,166

64,013

169,179

       

Sweden

26,770,780

13,928,149

40,698,929

Total all ports

242,822,204

172,432,270

415,254,474

Source: Eurostat

 

Overview of main developments in the European RoRo market during 2006

Development of the RoRo fleet in 2006

  • According to Clarkson Research Services Ltd, the total RoRo fleet (including RoRo/Freight/Passenger vessels, RoRo/LoLo vessels, full-RoRo vessels, ConRo vessels and PC(T)Cs) reached 1673 units at the end of 2006 for a combined capacity of 18.13 million dwt. This represents a 4.8% increase compared to the beginning of the year (1618 vessels for 17.3 million dwt). The combined orderbook for all above-mentioned vessel types at the end of 2006 counted 226 vessels for a combined capacity of some 3.5 million dwt. Only a handful of RoRo vessels were sent to the scrapyards during 2006.
  •  

    Port/terminal development in Europe (non-exhaustive)

  • Despite declaring that its core interests when acquiring Hesse-Noord Natie (HNN) in 2002 were Containers and RoRo traffic, PSA reached an agreement with NYK at the end of 2006 regarding the transfer of the RoRo activities of PSA HNN to NYK. The agreement concerns both the terminal operations (one terminal in Antwerp and two in Zeebrugge) and the PDI activities. The take-over fits in NYK's strategy to develop existing port infrastructure and thus ensure the continuity of maritime vehicle transport. The deal was officially concluded in mid-February 2007 and the new company will operate under the name International Car Operators (ICO). The terminals in Zeebrugge and Antwerp handled a combined volume 1.3 million units in 2006.
  • Grimaldi Naples is reportedly looking to strengthen its RoRo terminal activities in the Mediterranean. Existing terminals in Civitavecchia, Monfalcone, Salerno and Valencia are involved, as well as a new facility in Barcelona. Apart from these Mediterreanean terminals, Grimaldi also has stakes in RoRo/multipurpose terminals in Antwerp (Antwerp Euro Terminal, its North European hub) and Hamburg (through an early-2007 acquired 49% stake in HHLA's Unikai terminal).
  • DFDS Tor Line switched most of its operations in Immingham (UK) to the Nordic Riverside Terminal at the Immingham Outer Port, for which they have a 25-year exclusive use. Vanuden RoRo reportedly intends to use this terminal as its hub for Scandinavia/Baltic cargo on its RoRo/multipurpose service between Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean.
  • Hafen-Entwicklungsgesellschaft Rostock developed the berth 60 on the Warnow quay into a RoRo berth by removing the old container bridges at the site (January-August 2006).
  • In April, 2006, CCI Boulogne announced a '20m investment in a new RoRo berth, due into service in June 2007, dedicated to fast jet cargo carriers.
  • In early 2006 the ports of Dover and Calais announced plans to cater for major increases in RoPax ferry traffic, estimated at around '200m and '300-400m respectively. Dover handled a record > 2m freight vehicles in 2005. Calais, which accounted for 1.6m heavy-goods vehicles that year, plans to create a new outer port. Apart from catering for more Dover-Calais traffic, the port authority (CCI Calais) wants to diversify and attract new (unaccompanied) RoRo services from Spain, the Baltic, etc. The new development will be directly rail-linked. In 2006 the port of Calais invested effectively in the new facilities and improved the security and safety measures to meet the demands of the ferry operators and their customers. The port achieved a record throughput of 1,847,197 trucks in 2006.
  • In the port of Bilbao, vehicle handling company Termicar Bilbao moved to a new site in the Bilbao Outer Abra zone. The new terminal boasts a 900m quay length and two ramps for RoRo vessels. It comprises a 27ha yard and has rail and road connections.
  • The Port of Warnemunde commissioned a new passenger terminal in May 2006, complementing the existing Warnemunde Cruise Center.
  • Similarly, the port of Sillamae (Estonia) commissioned a new passenger terminal in August 2006.
  •  

    Other significant developments (non-exhaustive)

  • Generally speaking, trailer traffic is expected to increase by some 4-5% per year in the established markets, with even higher growth rates in the emerging markets. According to some observers, this might well lead to orders for 7500+ lanem vessels in the not too distant future. This will obviously have massive implications for port facilities handling them.
    • Although 2006 saw the contracting of the world's biggest RoPax (2 x 5500 lanem vessels for Stena Line) and cruise vessels (Royal Caribbean's "Genesis" class), shipyards in the Far East currently have such huge order backlogs for other types of tonnage (notably container vessels and dry and liquid bulk carriers) that their interest in building RoPax and cruise vessels has vanished. Moreover, the number of manufacturing locations for large and medium-speed engines (which are crucial to the ferry market) have been reduced to just three, creating a capacity bottleneck. As a result, there is currently a 36-month lead-time between contract signing and vessel delivery in the RoRo segment.
    • SeaContainers, the once giant passenger shipping company, was dissolved in 2006. Another victim was Fjord Line, which sold off its UK line to DFDS Seaways. On the other hand, Tallink swallowed Silja Line and Superfast's Baltic activities while Grimaldi took control of Finnlines in late 2006. Similarly, LD Lines tendered successfully for the operation hitherto provided by Transmanche Ferries while the service of the already defunct DANE Sea Lines was acquired by Blue Star Ferries.
    • Just like the container industry, the ferry sector aroused an increased interest of risk capitalists and equity funds, casting their eyes on Scandlines, SNCM, Moby Lines and Grandi Navi Veloci. This marks an important change in the history of ferry shipping, where merger and acquisition activity used to take place within the established shipping businesses.
    • Norfolkline (at the time still owned by AP Moller-Maersk) and Flota Suardiaz set up the joint venture Norfolkline-Suardiaz BV in early 2006, with the intention to start a Dunkirk-Northern Spain service with 200-trailer capacity RoRo vessels. For this project the European Commission reserved USD 5.1 million of Marco Polo support. Norfolkline already offers RoRo ferry services between the North Continent and the UK, while Flota Suardiaz started a two-vessel RoRo link between Le Havre, Setubal, Casablanca and Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
    • Cido Car Carriers commenced a monthly southbound RoRo service from Antwerp and Sheerness to East Africa in July 2006, deploying 3000 CEU vessels.
    • Cosco Shipping Company (Coscol) concluded a 15-year contract with no less than 17 Chinese car makers for the carriage of their vehicles worldwide (starting with domestic, Russia, Middle East and Latin America flows). Coscol will substantially invest in a PCC and PCTC fleet expansion.
    • At the RoRo 2006 conference in Ghent (May 2006) Stena Line announced that they would soon commission ConRoPax vessels, i.e. a combination of container feeder vessel (250 TEU) and a 2100 lanem RoRo ship with accommodation for 300 passengers.
    • The AS Tallink Group acquired from Attica (Greece) the 3 x 30 knot RoPax Ferries SUPERFAST VIII, SUPERFAST IX and SUPERFAST X in early 2006, for a total amount of USD 383 million. The route on which the ships are deployed (Hanko-Paldiski-Rostock) is part of the deal.
    • A new Italian domestic RoRo service has been set up between the Port of Augusta, in the south east of Sicily, and the north Adriatic Port of Ravenna in early 2006. Departures will be every four days in each direction. The line has been launched by BMMS Motorway Mediterranean Sea. A chartered vessel, the 193m LOA MAERSK VOYAGER is deployed in the service. The ship has a capacity for approximately 185 unaccompanied trailers and accommodation for up to 12 drivers. Complete vehicles and containers will be accepted, as well as dangerous goods and oversized project cargoes.
    • During 2006 the first steps were undertaken to privatise German/Danish Scandlines AG (at that time still 50% Danish Ministry of Transport / 50% Deutsche Bahn owned). In early 2007 two take-over candidates were still in the running, i.e. venture capitalist 3i and Baltic Freight Ferry Development (comprising Allianz Capital and Deutsche Seereederei). It is unclear when the final decision will be taken. Scandlines AG operates 24 ferries on 12 Baltic RoRo services (in the Denmark-Germany-Sweden triangle and to the Baltic countries) and carried just over 1 million lorry units in 2006, a 3.3% increase compared to the year before. The number of rail wagons decreased 12% to 88,000 units. Scandlines also carried about 20 million passengers and 4.2 million cars in 2006.

    Source: Dynamar (2006, 2007), ShipPax Information (2007) and various trade press articles

     

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    Confermata la collaborazione siglata nel 2023
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    Genova
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    Rizzi: rischio concreto di un arretramento verso la modalità di trasporto esclusivamente stradale
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    Mesero
    Inizialmente l'attività sarà dedicata esclusivamente al traffico export UK per estendersi poi ad altri mercati europei
    Nella flotta del gruppo Grimaldi è entrata la nuova PCTC Grande Svezia
    Napoli
    Ha una una capacità massima di 9.000 ceu
    Il consiglio comunale di Cagliari approva il parere sul DPSS dei porti sardi
    Cagliari
    Via libera all'unanimità
    Il settore ferroviario contribuisce all'1,4% del Pil dell'Unione Europea
    Bruxelles
    Studio commissionato dalla CER
    Nel porto di Napoli la Guardia Costiera ha posto in stato di fermo la rinfusiera Tanais Dream
    Napoli
    Riscontrate gravi irregolarità a bordo
    Accordo per accelerare l'implementazione della robotica nei processi produttivi di Fincantieri
    Trieste
    È stato sottoscritto con la friulana Idea Prototipi
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    Roma
    Subentra all'ammiraglio Nicola Carlone
    DBA fornirà il nuovo Terminal Operating System del porto georgiano di Batumi
    Villorba
    Il progetto comprende tutte le fasi di sviluppo, test e collaudo operativo
    Attacco ad una nave nel Golfo di Aden
    Portsmouth
    Il comandante ha comunicato di aver sentito un impatto in acqua ed una esplosione
    PROSSIME PARTENZE
    Visual Sailing List
    Porto di partenza
    Porto di destinazione:
    - per ordine alfabetico
    - per nazione
    - per zona geografica
    Danilo Ricci è stato nominato managing director di Tarros Line
    La Speziia
    Ha ricoperto diversi incarichi in Italia e all'estero nell'ambito del gruppo
    Tavolo di confronto permanente fra Confindustria Nautica e Federagenti
    Genova
    Lo prevede un accordo firmato oggi a Genova
    Nel primo semestre del 2025 il traffico crocieristico nei porti italiani è cresciuto del +6%
    Venezia
    Il 24 ottobre a Catania si terrà la dodicesima edizione di Italian Cruise Day
    SAL Heavy Lift compra due navi semi-sommergibili della Pan Ocean
    Amburgo
    Sono state costruite nel 2008 e nel 2012
    Il 30% di Sangritana Cargo sarà acquisito dalla società marchigiana Transadriatico
    L'Aquila
    La cessione sarà portata a termine nei prossimi giorni
    Il 6 ottobre a Lugano si terrà l'ottava edizione di “Un mare di Svizzera”
    Lugano
    Forum sull'integrazione economica e logistica fra porti liguri, area manifatturiera del Nord Ovest e Svizzera
    DEME ordina una nuova nave posa-cavi alla singaporiana PaxOcean
    Beveren-Kruibeke-Zwijndrecht
    Sarà costruita nel cantiere navale cinese di Zhoushan
    Incontro di Assoporti a RemTech EXPO 2025 sulla transizione green nei porti italiani
    Ferrara
    Lo Smart Ports Award conferito a tre Autorità di Sistema Portuale
    La prima spedizione di petrolio siriano in 14 anni arriva al porto di Trieste
    Londra
    Parte del carico - rende noto S&P Global Commodity Insights - sbarcato al terminal sardo di Sarroch
    Ad agosto il traffico delle merci nel porto di Taranto è cresciuto del +20,3%
    Taranto
    Il traghetto “Drea” respinto anche dallo scalo portuale pugliese, dove però è in sosta temporanea
    Stabile il traffico dei container nel porto di Los Angeles ad agosto
    Los Angeles
    Attesa una flessione dei volumi nella restante parte del 2025
    Incontro fra le authority portuali di Jacksonville e Livorno
    Livorno
    Tra gli obiettivi, avviare uno o più servizi diretti tra i due scali portuali
    Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane ed ENAC siglano un accordo per l'uso di droni nel monitoraggio delle infrastrutture
    Roma
    Saranno utilizzati anche per sorvolare tratti di rete ferroviaria e stradale altrimenti difficili da monitorare
    A.SPE.DO, il porto della Spezia è essenziale per assicurare occupazione, sviluppo e futuro all'economia locale
    La Spezia
    Landolfi: non possiamo permetterci di sottovalutarne il valore
    Il MIT si confronta con i vertici delle AdSP italiane
    Roma
    Riunione sulla visione strategica del governo per il settore e sulla riforma portuale
    Yang Ming ordina a Hanwha Ocean Co. la costruzione di sette portacontainer da 15.880 teu
    Keelung
    Saranno prese in consegna fra il 2028 e il 2029
    Oltre 40 le manifestazioni d'interesse per lo sviluppo del porto ucraino di Chornomorsk
    Kiev
    Oggi la prima riunione della commissione di gara
    Attesa a Ravenna la prima nave commerciale alla banchina pubblica in Largo Trattaroli
    Ravenna
    In arrivo la car carrier “AICC Huanghu”
    Lo scorso mese il traffico dei container nel porto di Long Beach è diminuito del -1,3%
    Long Beach
    In crescita i contenitori vuoti. Calo di quelli pieni
    In partenza il Terminal Road Show di Assiterminal
    Genova
    Cognolato: vogliamo rafforzare il legame con i territori e le comunità locali
    Assoporti, l'offerta crocieristica dei porti italiani presentata alla fiera Seatrade Europe
    Amburgo
    Giampieri: siamo leader nell'area del Mediterraneo e in Europa
    È deceduto il comandante Claudio Tomei, presidente USCLAC dal 2012 al 2024
    Viareggio
    Forte il suo impegno per migliorare le condizioni di lavoro dei marittimi italiani
    Nel primo trimestre del 2025 il traffico delle merci nei porti della Grecia è cresciuto del +1,4%
    Il Pireo
    Passeggeri in calo del -1,1%
    Ordine a HD Hyundai Samho per quattro nuove portacontainer
    Seul
    Commessa del valore di circa 468 milioni di dollari
    Trieste, bancarotta fraudolenta nel settore della cantieristica navale
    Trieste
    Indagine nei confronti di una società con sede a Palermo
    Ad agosto il traffico dei contenitori nel porto di Hong Kong è calato del -7,4%
    Hong Kong
    Nei primi otto mesi del 2025 la flessione è stata del -3,8%
    BigLift Shipping e CY Shipping ordinano altre due navi heavy lift
    Amsterdam
    Commessa al cantiere navale cinese Jing Jiang Nanyang Shipbuilding Co.
    Ad agosto è proseguita la flessione del traffico dei container nel porto di Singapore
    Singapore
    Il volume totale delle merci è cresciuto del +1,1%
    Il traghetto Charthage è stato sottoposto a fermo amministrativo nel porto di Genova
    Genova
    Un'ispezione della Guardia Costiera ha riscontrato numerose deficienze
    Rinviato di tre mesi il debutto della più grande nave della Disney Cruise Line
    Lake Buena Vista
    Ritardi nella costruzione costringono a posticipare il viaggio inaugurale al prossimo 10 marzo
    Shell fornirà biometano liquefatto alle portacontainer della Hapag-Lloyd
    Amburgo
    Accordo in vigore con effetto immediato
    Andrea Zoratti è stato nominato direttore generale di Hub Telematica
    Genova
    La società è controllata da Assagenti e Spediporto
    Accordo Jotun - Messina per il miglioramento delle prestazioni ambientali e commerciali delle navi
    Genova
    La nave “Jolly Rosa” utilizzerà la soluzione Hull Skating Solutions
    PSA Genova Pra' annuncia l'assunzione di 25 persone dedicate alla movimentazione dei container
    Genova
    Ferrari: i mercati internazionali sono profondamente cambiati
    CMA CGM non applicherà surcharge per le nuove tasse USA sulle navi cinesi e sui servizi cinesi
    Marsiglia
    Dal 14 ottobre saranno applicate le tariffe annunciate ad aprile dall'USTR
    Ordini alla sudcoreana HJ Shipbuilding per quattro portacontainer da 8.850 teu
    Busan
    Commesse del valore complessivo di circa 461 milioni di dollari
    Convegno “Attese e ritardi per l'autotrasporto: la logistica finisce sotto scacco”
    Genova
    Organizzato da Trasportounito, si terrà il 26 settembre a Genova
    GNV ha inaugurato una nuova sede a Barcellona
    Barcellona
    Attualmente la compagnia ha 52 dipendenti in tutta la Spagna
    Porto di Trieste, finanziamenti dall'UE per due nuovi progetti
    Trieste
    Risorse del valore complessivo di 1,7 milioni di euro
    Filt Cgil, grave quanto accaduto a Flotilla. Pronti a mobilitare i portuali
    Roma
    Il sindacato annuncia azioni se non si permetterà agli aiuti di raggiungere Gaza
    Stena Line comprerà l'operatore portuale lettone Terrabalt
    Göteborg
    Movimenta traffici di rotabili, rinfuse e merci varie nel porto di Liepaja
    Nei primi otto mesi del 2025 il traffico dei container nel porto di Gioia Tauro è cresciuto del +10,6%
    Gioia Tauro
    Sono stati movimentati 2.912.943 teu
    Meyer Turku avvia la costruzione della quarta nave da crociera di classe “Icon” della Royal Caribbean
    Miami/Turku
    Sarà consegnata nel 2027
    Più di una spedizione marittima su dieci presenza carenze
    Washington
    Lo rileva un rapporto del World Shipping Council che evidenzia i rischi per la sicurezza
    Lo scorso luglio il traffico nel porto di Ravenna è aumentato del +3,8%
    Ravenna
    Nei primi sette mesi del 2025 la crescita è stata del +5,4%
    Nel primo trimestre del 2025 il traffico delle merci nei porti belgi è calato del -3,2%
    Bruxelles
    Sbarchi in diminuzione del -1,3% e imbarchi in flessione del 5,4%
    La product tanker High Fidelity salva 38 migranti su un gommone alla deriva
    Roma
    Intervento a sud dell'isola di Creta
    Accordo GES - RINA per la realizzazione del prototipo di una nuova batteria a idrogeno
    Rovereto/Genova
    Inaugurato l'avvio della seconda fase del container terminal di PSA nel porto di Mumbai
    Singapore
    La capacità di traffico annua salirà a 4,8 milioni di teu
    A Palermo il convegno “EU ETS - Prospettive e opportunità per la decarbonizzazione nel settore marittimo”
    Roma
    Si terrà il 18 e 19 settembre
    PORTI
    Porti italiani:
    Ancona Genova Ravenna
    Augusta Gioia Tauro Salerno
    Bari La Spezia Savona
    Brindisi Livorno Taranto
    Cagliari Napoli Trapani
    Carrara Palermo Trieste
    Civitavecchia Piombino Venezia
    Interporti italiani: elenco Porti del mondo: mappa
    BANCA DATI
    ArmatoriRiparatori e costruttori navali
    SpedizionieriProvveditori e appaltatori navali
    Agenzie marittimeAutotrasportatori
    MEETINGS
    Il 2 ottobre a Milano un seminario sulla nuova legge sugli interporti
    Milano
    È organizzato dalla Camera di Commercio di Padova
    Il 6 ottobre a Lugano si terrà l'ottava edizione di “Un mare di Svizzera”
    Lugano
    ››› Archivio
    RASSEGNA STAMPA
    Korean Firms Reassess U.S. Investments After Mass Immigration Raid
    (The Korea Bizwire)
    Russia's infrastructure development plan aims to build 17 marine terminals by 2036
    (Interfax)
    ››› Archivio
    FORUM dello Shipping
    e della Logistica
    Intervento del presidente Tomaso Cognolato
    Roma, 19 giugno 2025
    ››› Archivio
    Fincantieri e PGZ firmano un accordo per sostenere l'ammodernamento della Marina Militare polacca
    Trieste
    Varato a Castellammare il troncone della terza LSS per Chantiers de l'Atlantique
    Negli USA taglio dei fondi destinati a progetti per lo sviluppo dell'energia eolica nei porti
    Washington
    Risorse per 679 milioni di dollari saranno ridistribuite per ammodernamenti delle infrastrutture portuali
    Dal primo gennaio Kombiverkehr gestirà il terminal intermodale di PKV nel porto di Duisburg
    Francoforte sul Meno
    Ha una capacità di traffico di circa 200mila unità intermodali all'anno
    Wallenius Marine e ABB costituiscono la joint venture Oversea
    Stoccolma
    Lo scopo è accelerare il lancio dell'omonima piattaforma per il miglioramento delle prestazioni delle flotte
    Il MIT ha chiesto alla Regione l'intesa per la nomina di Bagalà a presidente dell'AdSP della Sardegna
    Roma
    Attualmente è commissario straordinario dello stesso ente
    DHL eCommerce ha acquisito una quota di minoranza nella saudita AJEX Logistics Services
    Bonn/Riyadh
    La società mediorientale ha duemila dipendenti
    Nel secondo trimestre i terminal portuali di CMPort hanno movimentato un traffico dei container record
    Hong Kong
    Nei primi sei mesi del 2025 il totale è stato di 78,8 milioni di teu (+4,3%)
    Confitarma, bene il decreto sull'addestramento avanzato dei marittimi del comparto cisterniero
    Roma
    Plauso al Comando Generale del Corpo delle Capitanerie di Porto
    In crescita il traffico trimestrale delle merci nei porti marocchini
    Tangeri/Casablanca
    A Tanger Med la crescita è stata del +17%
    Rinnovato il consiglio di amministrazione della genovese Ente Bacini
    Genova
    Presidente Alessandro Arvigo e Maurizio Anselmo amministratore delegato
    - Via Raffaele Paolucci 17r/19r - 16129 Genova - ITALIA
    tel.: 010.2462122, fax: 010.2516768, e-mail
    Partita iva: 03532950106
    Registrazione Stampa 33/96 Tribunale di Genova
    Direttore responsabile Bruno Bellio
    Vietata la riproduzione, anche parziale, senza l'esplicito consenso dell'editore
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